LEGEND OF CIVIL

Soil liquefaction can be defined as the phenomenon by which the strength of the soil is lost either due to dynamic or static loading. Most of the earthquake forces are the major causes of soil liquefaction. The vibrations of earthquake shockwaves in water-saturated soils trigger the phenomenon. |                                                        saturate soil                Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water. This water exerts pressure on the soil particles that influence how tightly the particles themselves are pressed together. Prior to an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively low. However, earthquake shaking can cause the water pressure to increase to the point where the soil particle...

    The essential ingredients of paints are: Base Vehicles Pigment Drier/ accelerator Thinner Base: It is a principal constituent of paint. It also possesses the binding properties of the finely divided material. It is opaque (untransparent) in nature. Commonly used bases for paints are white lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium white, aluminum powder and lithophone. A lead paint is suitable for painting of iron and steel works, as it sticks to them well. However it is affected by atmosphere action and hence should not be used as final coat. While zinc forms good base but is costly. Lithophone, which is a mixture of zinc sulphate and barytes, is cheap. It gives good appearance but is affected by day light. Hence it is used for interior works only. Vehicles : It helps to mix the various ingredient use in paint. The vehicles are the liquid substances which hold the ingredients of a paint in liquid suspension and allow them to be applie...

1) OVER-BURNING OF BRICKS During the production of bricks, we have to burnt bricks to achieve sufficient hardness after moulding clay into a required shape. During heating, if the brick overburnt , then soft molten mass is produced and the brick looses its required shape. Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient complete and viscous vitrification occur. However, if the bricks are over burnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Such bricks are not used for construction works. 2) UNDER BURNING OF BRICKS When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrification, the clay is not softened because of insufficient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Such bricks are not recommended for construction works. 3) BLOATING This defect observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks. This is caused due to the presenc...

Self-healing concrete is also known as “BIO  CONCRETE” Or “BACTERIAL CONCRETE ”. It heals itself when it comes in contact with air and water,  it produces lime on the outer layer of the concrete. In that CASE, the hydrated process may start again and hydration products may fill up and heal the cracks. the width of range 0.05-0.1mm act as capillary and the water particles seep through the cracks. These water particles hydrate the non or partially reacted cement and the cement expands, which in turn fills the crack. But when the cracks are of greater width, need of other remedial work is required. One possible technique is currently being investigated and developed was based on application of mineral producing bacteria in concrete. Necessity The American Concrete Institute as per ACI 302.1-04 addresses this issue, even the best construction & concreting cannot prevent cracking in concrete, and 0% cracks is an unrealist...

BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION Lab test of Rock,Brick,Cement,Aggregate,Concrete etc ex. sand + Cement = Mortar Mortar + Coarse aggregate = Concrete Different Test of Brick 1) Crushing strength test by UTM   in lab                                                                      Standard result are                      *    10.5    N/mm2   f or   1st class bricks                 *      7.5   N/mm2  f or 2nd class bricks                       *       3.5   N/mm2   for  3rd class   bricks           ...

456 – code of  practice for plain and reinforced concrete. IS: 383 – specifications for fine & coarse aggregate from natural sources for concrete. IS: 2386 – methods of tests for aggregate for concrete. IS: 2430 – methods of sampling.  IS: 4082 – specifications for storage of materials.  IS: 2116 – permissible clay, silt & fine dust contents in sand.  IS: 2250 –  compressiv  strength test for cement mortar cubes. IS: 269 – specifications for 33 grade OPC. IS: 8112 – specifications for 43 grade OPC. IS: 12269 – specifications for 53 grade OPC. IS: 455 – specifications for PSC (Portland slag cement). IS: 1489 – specifications for PPC (Portland pozzolana cement). IS: 6909 – specifications for SSC (super sulphated cement). IS: 8041 – specifications for RHPC (Rapid Hardening Portland cement). IS: 12330 – specifications for SRPC (sulphate resistant Portland cement). IS: 6452 – specifications for HAC for structural use (high alumina ...

 ईंट( bricks) को दीवारों, फुटपाथ( pavements)   और चिनाई( Masonry)  के निर्माण में अन्य तत्वों के लिए इस्तेमाल सामग्री(  material) का निर्माण होता है। Compositions - clay (चिकनी मिट्टी) bearing soil(मिट्टी) sand(रेत) lime(चूना) concrete materials निर्माण के तरीके(method of  manufacturing) आम तौर पर, ईंटों(bricks) में निम्नलिखित तत्व होते हैं- °Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight °Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight °Lime – 2 to 5% by weight °Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight °Magnesia – less than 1% by weight मिट्टी से ईंटों के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में मिट्टी की बनावट, ढलाई (molding)  और फिर ईंटों को सुखाने(drying) और जला(burning)देना शामिल है।