LEGEND OF CIVIL

Self-healing concrete is also known as “BIO  CONCRETE” Or “BACTERIAL CONCRETE ”. It heals itself when it comes in contact with air and water,  it produces lime on the outer layer of the concrete. In that CASE, the hydrated process may start again and hydration products may fill up and heal the cracks. the width of range 0.05-0.1mm act as capillary and the water particles seep through the cracks. These water particles hydrate the non or partially reacted cement and the cement expands, which in turn fills the crack. But when the cracks are of greater width, need of other remedial work is required. One possible technique is currently being investigated and developed was based on application of mineral producing bacteria in concrete. Necessity The American Concrete Institute as per ACI 302.1-04 addresses this issue, even the best construction & concreting cannot prevent cracking in concrete, and 0% cracks is an unrealist...

BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION Lab test of Rock,Brick,Cement,Aggregate,Concrete etc ex. sand + Cement = Mortar Mortar + Coarse aggregate = Concrete Different Test of Brick 1) Crushing strength test by UTM   in lab                                                                      Standard result are                      *    10.5    N/mm2   f or   1st class bricks                 *      7.5   N/mm2  f or 2nd class bricks                       *       3.5   N/mm2   for  3rd class   bricks           ...

456 – code of  practice for plain and reinforced concrete. IS: 383 – specifications for fine & coarse aggregate from natural sources for concrete. IS: 2386 – methods of tests for aggregate for concrete. IS: 2430 – methods of sampling.  IS: 4082 – specifications for storage of materials.  IS: 2116 – permissible clay, silt & fine dust contents in sand.  IS: 2250 –  compressiv  strength test for cement mortar cubes. IS: 269 – specifications for 33 grade OPC. IS: 8112 – specifications for 43 grade OPC. IS: 12269 – specifications for 53 grade OPC. IS: 455 – specifications for PSC (Portland slag cement). IS: 1489 – specifications for PPC (Portland pozzolana cement). IS: 6909 – specifications for SSC (super sulphated cement). IS: 8041 – specifications for RHPC (Rapid Hardening Portland cement). IS: 12330 – specifications for SRPC (sulphate resistant Portland cement). IS: 6452 – specifications for HAC for structural use (high alumina ...

 ईंट( bricks) को दीवारों, फुटपाथ( pavements)   और चिनाई( Masonry)  के निर्माण में अन्य तत्वों के लिए इस्तेमाल सामग्री(  material) का निर्माण होता है। Compositions - clay (चिकनी मिट्टी) bearing soil(मिट्टी) sand(रेत) lime(चूना) concrete materials निर्माण के तरीके(method of  manufacturing) आम तौर पर, ईंटों(bricks) में निम्नलिखित तत्व होते हैं- °Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight °Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight °Lime – 2 to 5% by weight °Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight °Magnesia – less than 1% by weight मिट्टी से ईंटों के निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में मिट्टी की बनावट, ढलाई (molding)  और फिर ईंटों को सुखाने(drying) और जला(burning)देना शामिल है।

साधारण निर्माण कार्य में आमतौर पर पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट ही प्रयुक्त होता है।पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट के आविष्कार से पहले तक जोड़ने के काम में लाए जाने वाले पदार्थ साधारण चूना और बुझा चूना थे। पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट का आविष्कार एक अंग्रेज राज जोसेफ एस्पडिन (Joseph Aspdin) ने 1824 ई. में किया।कठोर हो जाने के गुण तथा इंग्लैंड के पोर्टलैंड स्थान में पाई जाने वाली एक शिला के नाम पर इसका नाम 'पोर्टलैंड' सीमेंट पड़ा। Method पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट का निर्माण चूना पत्थर और जिप्सम के मिश्रण को एक निश्चित अनुपात में मिलाकर 1400° सें. ताप पर, जिस ताप पर प्रारंभिक गलन होता है, गरम करने से होता है। ऐसे प्राप्त अवशिष्ट राख (Clinker) को ठंडा कर, फिर पीसकर महीन चूर्ण बनाया जाता है जिसका 90% भाग चलनी संख्या 170 (एक इंच में 170 छिद्र होते हैं) से छन जाता है। इन तीन कच्चे घटकों के अनुपात को समायोजित करने और अल्प मात्रा में अन्य रसायनकों के मिला देने से सीमेंट की विभिन्न किस्में प्राप्त की जा सकती हैं। पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट के बड़े पैमाने पर निर्माण में जिन खनिजों का प्रयोग होता है उनमें  सिलिका (SiO2)     ...

"The first self-proclaimed  civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of  Civil Engineers , a group of leaders of the profession  who met informally over dinner." The practice of civil engineering may have come into the practice between 4000 BC and 2000 BC in Indus Valley, ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Up until the modern times, there was no proper distinction between architects and engineers and their functions greatly overlapped. Construction of the pyramids of Egypt can be easily identified as some of the first instances of creation of large structures. Some other notable civil engineering constructions from around the world are  Qanat water management, the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447–438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC). Similar kinds of historic civil engineering cons...

If we go through the history it is notable that majority of endeavours of architectal design and construction were carried out by artisan, in the ancient and medieval time period. These skilled stonemasons, carpenters and artisans slowly rose to the level of master builder. The knowledge and strategy regarding the constructions were confined to the guild and community was seldom supplanted through advances. Thus, the infrastructures, roads and the buildings were repetitive in nature and augemtation in scale was also largely incremental. The work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, comprising of Archimedes Principle, which is the underlying base for our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions like the Archimedes’ screw are some of the earliest examples of a proper scientific approach to mathematical and physical problem which could be utilized ib civil engineerig. Similarly, Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, utilized arithmetic in the 7th century AD, which was based ...