History

If we go through the history it is notable that majority of endeavours of architectal design and construction were carried out by artisan, in the ancient and medieval time period. These skilled stonemasons, carpenters and artisans slowly rose to the level of master builder. The knowledge and strategy regarding the constructions were confined to the guild and community was seldom supplanted through advances. Thus, the infrastructures, roads and the buildings were repetitive in nature and augemtation in scale was also largely incremental.

The work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, comprising of Archimedes Principle, which is the underlying base for our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions like the Archimedes’ screw are some of the earliest examples of a proper scientific approach to mathematical and physical problem which could be utilized ib civil engineerig. Similarly, Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, utilized arithmetic in the 7th century AD, which was based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.